{"id":3790,"date":"2011-05-09T12:52:38","date_gmt":"2011-05-09T16:52:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/?p=3790"},"modified":"2011-05-09T12:56:03","modified_gmt":"2011-05-09T16:56:03","slug":"deliberation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/2011\/05\/deliberation\/","title":{"rendered":"raison, biais de confirmation et d\u00e9lib\u00e9ration"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Hugo Mercier fait parler de lui (<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.discovermagazine.com\/intersection\/2011\/04\/25\/is-reasoning-built-for-winning-arguments-rather-than-finding-truth\/\">ici<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/life\/facts-and-arguments\/social-studies\/reasoning-evolved-to-help-us-win-arguments\/article2013302\/\">l\u00e0<\/a> ou <a href=\"http:\/\/www.boston.com\/bostonglobe\/ideas\/brainiac\/2011\/05\/introducing_hom.html\">l\u00e0<\/a>) et de sa <a href=\"http:\/\/tel.archives-ouvertes.fr\/tel-00396731\/fr\/\">th\u00e8se sur la raison argumentative<\/a>, \u00e0 la suite de la parution d&rsquo;un <a href=\"http:\/\/journals.cambridge.org\/action\/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&amp;aid=8242469&amp;fulltextType=RA&amp;fileId=S0140525X10000968\">article dans la revue Behavioral and Brain Sciences<\/a>. Un chercheur que j&rsquo;ai eu l&rsquo;occasion d&rsquo;entendre \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, dans une conf\u00e9rence organis\u00e9e par l&rsquo;Institut es sciences cognitives de Montr\u00e9al en 2009.<\/p>\n<p>Si l&rsquo;article de la revue BBS n&rsquo;est pas disponible, on peut retrouver sur le Social Science Research Network (SSRN) deux articles reprenant l&rsquo;essentiel de l&rsquo;argumentation (!) sans avoir l&rsquo;\u00e9tendue de la th\u00e8se de 376 page de M. Mercier :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1707029\">Reasoning is for Arguing: Understanding the Successes and Failures of Deliberation<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1698090\">Why Do Humans Reason? Arguments for an Argumentative Theory<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Jonah Lehrer r\u00e9sume assez bien l&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat de ces textes, dans son billet <a href=\"http:\/\/www.wired.com\/wiredscience\/2011\/05\/the-sad-reason-we-reason\/\">The reason we reason<\/a>, alors que Chris Mooney, qui publiait r\u00e9cemment un texte sur un sujet similaire dans la revue Mother Jones, <a href=\"http:\/\/motherjones.com\/politics\/2011\/03\/denial-science-chris-mooney\">The science of why we don&rsquo;t believe science<\/a>, s&rsquo;entretient avec Mercier dans <a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.discovermagazine.com\/intersection\/2011\/04\/25\/is-reasoning-built-for-winning-arguments-rather-than-finding-truth\/\">un billet sur Discover Magazine<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>La raison n&rsquo;est plus ce qu&rsquo;elle \u00e9tait ! <!--more-->Depuis quelque temps d\u00e9j\u00e0 on remet en question l&rsquo;opposition entre la raison et l&rsquo;\u00e9motion&#8230; (<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Descartes%27_Error\"><em>Descartes&rsquo; Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain<\/em><\/a>) soutenant la th\u00e8se d&rsquo;une cognition situ\u00e9e ou incarn\u00e9e (<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Embodied_cognition\">embodied cognition<\/a>). La conception argumentative de la raison am\u00e8ne cette incarnation \u00e0 s&rsquo;inscrire dans des \u00e9changes collectifs, o\u00f9 le biais de confirmation, qui semble une tendance naturelle, peut \u00eatre \u00ab\u00a0mis \u00e0 contribution\u00a0\u00bb, pour peu que les conditions de d\u00e9lib\u00e9ration soient favorables.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>As a matter of fact, the confirmation bias can then even be considered a  form of division of cognitive labor: instead of all group members  having to laboriously go through the pros and cons of each option, if  each member is biased towards one option, she will find the pros of that  options, and the cons of the others\u2014which is much easier\u2014and the others  will do their own bit. (<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.discovermagazine.com\/intersection\/2011\/04\/25\/is-reasoning-built-for-winning-arguments-rather-than-finding-truth\/\">Mercier, cit\u00e9 par Mooney<\/a>)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Je ne peux m&#8217;emp\u00eacher de penser aux conditions de d\u00e9lib\u00e9ration qui sont celles du parlementarisme d&rsquo;aujourd&rsquo;hui, o\u00f9 les propos et discussions sont non seulement biais\u00e9s mais ancr\u00e9s dans une structure d&rsquo;oppositions partisanes. Est-il possible, dans ces conditions, de faire jouer les limites ou caract\u00e8res de la raison argumentative en faveur de l&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat collectif, de la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 ? La situation d&rsquo;un parti majoritaire rendant celui-ci encore plus imperm\u00e9able aux arguments oppos\u00e9s, c&rsquo;est \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9cho extraparlementaire des d\u00e9bats (entendu par une majorit\u00e9 de citoyens n&rsquo;ayant pas vot\u00e9 pour la dite majorit\u00e9) qu&rsquo;il reviendra de faire entendre raison&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hugo Mercier fait parler de lui (ici, l\u00e0 ou l\u00e0) et de sa th\u00e8se sur la raison argumentative, \u00e0 la suite de la parution d&rsquo;un article dans la revue Behavioral and Brain Sciences. Un chercheur que j&rsquo;ai eu l&rsquo;occasion d&rsquo;entendre \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, dans une conf\u00e9rence organis\u00e9e par l&rsquo;Institut es sciences cognitives de Montr\u00e9al en 2009. &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/2011\/05\/deliberation\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continuer la lecture<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> de &laquo;&nbsp;raison, biais de confirmation et d\u00e9lib\u00e9ration&nbsp;&raquo;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"atmosphere_disabled":false,"atmosphere_custom_text":"","_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[19,23,131],"class_list":["post-3790","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-neuro","tag-philosophie","tag-politique"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":234,"url":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/2005\/12\/decisions-basees-sur-les-emotions\/","url_meta":{"origin":3790,"position":0},"title":"d\u00e9cisions bas\u00e9es sur les \u00e9motions","author":"Gilles Beauchamp","date":"10 d\u00e9cembre 2005","format":false,"excerpt":"Il semble que les parties du cerveau si\u00e8ge des \u00e9motions soient particuli\u00e8rement mobilis\u00e9es lorsque celui-ci doit faire un choix difficile. Int\u00e9ressant renversement de la perspective rationaliste... qui commandait de se d\u00e9gager de toute \u00e9motivit\u00e9 afin de prendre de bonnes d\u00e9cisions. Je sais l'\u00e9motivit\u00e9 n'est pas l'\u00e9motion mais \u00e7a doit quand\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans \"technologie\"","block_context":{"text":"technologie","link":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/tag\/techno\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":4463,"url":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/2013\/04\/sciences-en-francais\/","url_meta":{"origin":3790,"position":1},"title":"une revue des sciences, en fran\u00e7ais","author":"Gilles Beauchamp","date":"5 avril 2013","format":false,"excerpt":"Apr\u00e8s avoir annonc\u00e9 qu'il cesserait de produire sa revue mensuelle des sciences, Jean Zin nous a fait plaisir en acceptant de continuer \u00e0\u00a0survoler l'actualit\u00e9 scientifique comme il l'a fait depuis... des ann\u00e9es. Moi-m\u00eame \"amateur\" de sciences (biologie, g\u00e9n\u00e9tique, anthropologie, pal\u00e9o-anthropologie, \u00e9cologie, climatologie, informatique...) je trouve tr\u00e8s stimulantes ces revues du\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans \"philosophie\"","block_context":{"text":"philosophie","link":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/tag\/philosophie\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":6271,"url":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/2020\/03\/entraide-corona\/","url_meta":{"origin":3790,"position":2},"title":"L\u2019entraide au temps du corona*","author":"Gilles Beauchamp","date":"24 mars 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Journaux et revues en acc\u00e8s libre Le British Medical Journal donne acc\u00e8s gratuit \u00e0 tous ses articles relatifs au COVID-19. L\u2019importante revue m\u00e9dicale donne d\u00e9j\u00e0 acc\u00e8s libre en temps normal aux articles de r\u00e9sultats de recherche. S\u2019ajoutent donc les articles plus conjoncturels sur l\u2019actuelle pand\u00e9mie. D\u2019autres revues et journaux ont\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans \"#covid-19\"","block_context":{"text":"#covid-19","link":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/tag\/covid-19\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1134,"url":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/2008\/10\/la-journee-de-lacces-libre\/","url_meta":{"origin":3790,"position":3},"title":"la journ\u00e9e de l&#039;acc\u00e8s libre (Open Access Day)","author":"Gilles Beauchamp","date":"14 octobre 2008","format":false,"excerpt":"Aujourd'hui nous ne c\u00e9l\u00e9brons pas seulement la fin de la campagne \u00e9lectorale f\u00e9d\u00e9rale mais bien la premi\u00e8re journ\u00e9e internationale de l'acc\u00e8s libre (Open Access Day). Pour un acc\u00e8s libre \u00e0 l'information, \u00e0 la science. C'est aussi (et c'est la raison justifiant le choix de ce jour, je crois) le 5e\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans \"acc\u00e8s libre\"","block_context":{"text":"acc\u00e8s libre","link":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/tag\/acces-libre\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":594,"url":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/2007\/08\/memoire-de-leau\/","url_meta":{"origin":3790,"position":4},"title":"m\u00e9moire de l&#039;eau","author":"Gilles Beauchamp","date":"7 ao\u00fbt 2007","format":false,"excerpt":"The memory of water a reality? | Science Blog: \"Guest editor Professor Martin Chaplin of the Department of Applied Science at London South Bank University, remarks: \u2018There is strong evidence concerning many ways in which the mechanism of this \u2018memory\u2019 may come about. There are also mechanisms by which such\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans \"acc\u00e8s libre\"","block_context":{"text":"acc\u00e8s libre","link":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/tag\/acces-libre\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":3209,"url":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/2010\/05\/sequencage-neandertal\/","url_meta":{"origin":3790,"position":5},"title":"s\u00e9quen\u00e7age du N\u00e9andertal","author":"Gilles Beauchamp","date":"6 mai 2010","format":false,"excerpt":"Un article en acc\u00e8s libre de la revue Science d\u00e9crit l'avanc\u00e9e que repr\u00e9sente le s\u00e9quen\u00e7age du g\u00e9nome de notre cousin N\u00e9andertal (\u00e0 partir de trois individus). Des comparaisons ont \u00e9t\u00e9 faites avec les g\u00e9nomes humains tir\u00e9s de 5 r\u00e9gions du globe. Une section sp\u00e9ciale d'acc\u00e8s plus facile que l'article, elle\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans \"pal\u00e9ontologie\"","block_context":{"text":"pal\u00e9ontologie","link":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/tag\/paleontologie\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/05\/neander.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3790","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3790"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3790\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3790"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3790"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3790"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}