{"id":5514,"date":"2016-09-07T17:39:06","date_gmt":"2016-09-07T21:39:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/?p=5514"},"modified":"2016-09-11T15:16:37","modified_gmt":"2016-09-11T19:16:37","slug":"communs-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/2016\/09\/communs-2\/","title":{"rendered":"entre communs et \u00e9conomie sociale"},"content":{"rendered":"<pre>Pour faire suite au <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/2016\/09\/projets\/\">billet pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent<\/a>, et expliciter un peu plus ce que sont les communs...<\/pre>\n<p>Les travaux d&rsquo;Elinor Ostrom (et le prix Nobel d&rsquo;\u00e9conomie qu&rsquo;ils lui valurent en 2009) ont remis en lumi\u00e8re l&rsquo;importance des communs, entendus non seulement comme une ressource partag\u00e9e mais surtout comme un ensemble de principes expliquant la p\u00e9rennit\u00e9 ou la d\u00e9faillance de la gestion collective et collaborative\u00a0de ces ressources.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Entre le droit exclusif relevant de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 priv\u00e9e et l\u2019ouverture \u00e0 tous d\u2019un bien public, <em>[Ostrom]<\/em>montre qu\u2019il existe\u00a0<span class=\"char-style-override-22\">un \u00ab faisceau de droits \u00bb<\/span>(<em><span class=\"ital\">bundle of rights<\/span><\/em>) \u2013 le droit d\u2019acc\u00e8s, le droit de pr\u00e9l\u00e8vement, le droit de gestion, le droit d\u2019exclure et le droit d\u2019ali\u00e9ner (c\u00e9der un des droits pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents) \u2013 r\u00e9partis diff\u00e9remment entre les associ\u00e9s au partage d\u2019une ressource, selon qu\u2019ils sont propri\u00e9taires avec ou sans droit d\u2019ali\u00e9nation, d\u00e9tenteurs de droits d\u2019usage et de gestion ou usagers autoris\u00e9s. <em>[<a href=\"http:\/\/la-rem.eu\/2016\/05\/26\/communs-theorie-milieu\/\">Les communs : la th\u00e9orie du milieu<\/a>]<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Huit (8)\u00a0\u00ab principes de conception \u00bb cl\u00e9s pour des communs r\u00e9ussis, selon Ostrom (r\u00e9sum\u00e9s par Herv\u00e9 Le Crozier) :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>des groupes aux fronti\u00e8res d\u00e9finies ;<\/li>\n<li>des r\u00e8gles r\u00e9gissant l\u2019usage des biens collectifs qui r\u00e9pondent aux sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9s et besoins locaux ;<\/li>\n<li>la capacit\u00e9 des individus concern\u00e9s \u00e0 les modifier ;<\/li>\n<li>le respect de ces r\u00e8gles par les autorit\u00e9s ext\u00e9rieures ;<\/li>\n<li>le contr\u00f4le du respect des r\u00e8gles par la communaut\u00e9 qui dispose d\u2019un syst\u00e8me de sanctions gradu\u00e9es ;<\/li>\n<li>l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 des m\u00e9canismes de r\u00e9solution des conflits peu co\u00fbteux ;<\/li>\n<li>la r\u00e9solution des conflits et activit\u00e9s de gouvernance organis\u00e9es en strates diff\u00e9rentes et imbriqu\u00e9es.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Tout comme l&rsquo;\u00e9conomie sociale, la gestion des communs se pose en\u00a0alternative \u00e0\u00a0la dichotomie public \/ priv\u00e9. Les objectifs du \u00ab\u00a0faire en commun\u00a0\u00bb d\u00e9crit\u00a0par David Bollier dans <a href=\"http:\/\/www.socioeco.org\/bdf_fiche-document-4864_fr.html\"><em>Faire en commun :\u00a0 un paradigme social de transformation<\/em><\/a>\u00a0(2015) :<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Ils veulent faire reculer la privatisation g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9e et la marchandisation de leurs ressources partag\u00e9es \u2013\uf02d de la terre et de l&rsquo;eau aux connaissances et espaces urbains \u2013\uf02d et r\u00e9affirmer une plus grande ma\u00eetrise participative sur ces ressources et la vie communautaire. Ils souhaitent rendre certaines ressources inali\u00e9nables, les prot\u00e9ger de la vente sur le march\u00e9 et les conserver pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures. Ce projet \u2013\uf02d qui vise \u00e0 inverser les enclosures du march\u00e9 et \u00e0 r\u00e9inventer les communs \u2013 cherche \u00e0\u00a0r\u00e9aliser ce que la r\u00e9gulation de\u00a0l&rsquo;\u00c9tat a g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement \u00e9chou\u00e9 \u00e0 faire : un contr\u00f4le social efficace du comportement\u00a0d&rsquo;un march\u00e9 abusif et non durable. (&#8230;)<\/p>\n<p>Dans la pratique, un commun ne consiste pas seulement en une ressource, mais aussi en une communaut\u00e9 qui g\u00e8re une ressource en \u00e9laborant ses propres <strong>r\u00e8gles<\/strong>, <strong>traditions<\/strong>, et <strong>valeurs<\/strong>. (&#8230;)<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9chec singulier de la gauche a \u00e9t\u00e9 son incapacit\u00e9 \u00e0 proposer des solutions de rechange fonctionnelles \u00e0 \u00e9chelle humaine qui peuvent favoriser activement l&rsquo;initiative des citoyens, la participation et l&rsquo;innovation : la \u00ab d\u00e9mocratie forte \u00bb qui a un sens et un impact au quotidien.\u00a0[<em>lien \u00e0 faire avec Lars Hulgard\u00a0\u2013 r\u00e9conciliation de la r\u00e9ciprocit\u00e9 et de la\u00a0<\/em><span style=\"font-style: normal;\"><em>redistribution<\/em>\u00a0\u2013 in\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0L&rsquo;avenir de la social-d\u00e9mocratie, <em>publi\u00e9 dans<\/em> Les gauches du XXIe si\u00e8cle]<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Le texte de Bollier,\u00a0dans sa version anglaise, est diffus\u00e9 avec plusieurs autres textes d&rsquo;auteurs diff\u00e9rents sur le site <a href=\"http:\/\/thenextsystem.org\">The next system\u00a0project<\/a>. Les titres publi\u00e9s (en mars, avril et ao\u00fbt 2016) dans les trois premiers volumes de la \u00ab\u00a0New Systems Series\u00a0\u00bb :<\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: .375in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in;\" type=\"disc\">\n<li style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; vertical-align: middle;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.thenextsystem.org\/social-democracy\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; font-family: aktiv-grotesk-std; font-size: 15.0pt;\">Social Democracy: Not Socialism, and Coming to America<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: bold; font-family: aktiv-grotesk-std; font-size: 15.0pt; color: #484646;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; vertical-align: middle;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.thenextsystem.org\/whole-systems-change\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; font-family: aktiv-grotesk-std; font-size: 15.0pt;\">Whole Systems Change: A Framework &amp; First Steps for Social\/Economic Transformation<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; vertical-align: middle;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/thenextsystem.org\/participatory-economics-and-the-next-system\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; font-family: aktiv-grotesk-std; font-size: 15.0pt;\">Participatory Economics and the Next System<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; vertical-align: middle;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.thenextsystem.org\/economic-democracy\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; font-family: aktiv-grotesk-std; font-size: 15.0pt;\">Economic Democracy: An Ethically Desirable Socialism That Is Economically Viable<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; vertical-align: middle;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.thenextsystem.org\/commoning-as-a-transformative-social-paradigm\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; font-family: aktiv-grotesk-std; font-size: 15.0pt;\">Commoning as a Transformative Social Paradigm<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; vertical-align: middle;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.thenextsystem.org\/building-cooperative-solidarity-commonwealth\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; font-family: aktiv-grotesk-std; font-size: 15.0pt;\">Building A\u00a0Cooperative Solidarity Commonwealth<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; vertical-align: middle;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.thenextsystem.org\/toward-democratic-eco-socialism-as-the-next-world-system\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; font-family: aktiv-grotesk-std; font-size: 15.0pt;\">Toward Democractic Eco-Socialism as the Next World System<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; vertical-align: middle;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.thenextsystem.org\/a-civic-economy-of-provisions\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; font-family: aktiv-grotesk-std; font-size: 15.0pt;\">A Civic Economy of Provisions<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; vertical-align: middle;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/thenextsystem.org\/the-new-economy-a-living-earth-system-model\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; font-family: aktiv-grotesk-std; font-size: 15.0pt;\">The New Economy: A Living Earth System Model<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; vertical-align: middle;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/thenextsystem.org\/the-good-society\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; font-family: aktiv-grotesk-std; font-size: 15.0pt;\">The Good Society<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; vertical-align: middle;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/thenextsystem.org\/democratizing-wealth-a-next-system-model-for-the-us-south-and-beyond\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; font-family: aktiv-grotesk-std; font-size: 15.0pt;\">Democratizing Wealth in the U.S.<\/span><span style=\"font-family: aktiv-grotesk-std; font-size: 15.0pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: bold; font-family: aktiv-grotesk-std; font-size: 15.0pt;\">South<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; vertical-align: middle;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/thenextsystem.org\/start-with-worker-self-directed-enterprises\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; font-family: aktiv-grotesk-std; font-size: 15.0pt;\">Start With\u00a0Worker Self-Directed Enterprises<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: bold; font-family: aktiv-grotesk-std; font-size: 15.0pt; color: #484646;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Autre texte r\u00e9cent de Bollier :\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.foe.co.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/downloads\/transnational-republics-commoning-reinventing-governance-through-emergent.pdf\">Transnational Republics of Commoning: Reinventing Governance Through Emergent Networking<\/a>\u00a0(pdf)<\/p>\n<p>Aussi de Bollier : <a href=\"http:\/\/www.thinklikeacommoner.com\">Think Like a Commoner<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.thinklikeacommoner.com\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-5518\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Bollier-420x649.jpg\" alt=\"bollier\" width=\"234\" height=\"362\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Bollier-420x649.jpg 420w, https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Bollier.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 234px) 100vw, 234px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Aussi, sur la gouvernance en r\u00e9seau, l&rsquo;\u00e9mergence de nouvelles formes d&rsquo;\u00e9conomies collaboratives et de gestion des communs :\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/p2pfoundation.net\">P2P Foundation<\/a>\u00a0et <a href=\"http:\/\/commonstransition.org\">Commons Transition<\/a>, par Michel Bauwens.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Inverser les enclosures du march\u00e9 et r\u00e9inventer les communs<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"aside","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"atmosphere_disabled":false,"atmosphere_custom_text":"","_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[51,68],"class_list":["post-5514","post","type-post","status-publish","format-aside","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-economie-sociale","tag-communs","post_format-post-format-aside"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":3106,"url":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/2010\/01\/savoirs-et-droits-dauteurs\/","url_meta":{"origin":5514,"position":0},"title":"savoirs et droits d\u2019auteurs","author":"Gilles Beauchamp","date":"20 janvier 2010","format":false,"excerpt":"Comme je le soulevais dans un billet pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent, certains gestes qui peuvent \u00e0 premi\u00e8re vue para\u00eetre anodins et m\u00eame justifi\u00e9s (ce sont leurs productions, apr\u00e8s tout, ils peuvent en faire ce qu\u2019ils veulent !) :\u00a0 le fait que certains textes d\u00e9pos\u00e9s sur le Web ne soient pas accessibles ou ne\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans \"acc\u00e8s libre\"","block_context":{"text":"acc\u00e8s libre","link":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/tag\/acces-libre\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":3074,"url":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/2009\/12\/leurozine-et-ostrom\/","url_meta":{"origin":5514,"position":1},"title":"l&#039;Eurozine et Ostrom","author":"Gilles Beauchamp","date":"20 d\u00e9cembre 2009","format":false,"excerpt":"Je d\u00e9couvre cette publication num\u00e9rique, Eurozine, qui reprend des articles de plusieurs revues dans leur langue originale (dont deux seulement en fran\u00e7ais), en mettant la main sur cet article de J\u00e9r\u00f4me Sgard, tir\u00e9 de la revue Esprit : La crise, les \u00e9conomistes et le prix Nobel d'Elinor Ostrom. Enfin une\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans \"acc\u00e8s libre\"","block_context":{"text":"acc\u00e8s libre","link":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/tag\/acces-libre\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2779,"url":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/2009\/10\/a-la-chose-publique\/","url_meta":{"origin":5514,"position":2},"title":"collaborer \u00e0 la chose publique","author":"Gilles Beauchamp","date":"22 octobre 2009","format":false,"excerpt":"Ostrom found that individuals will cooperate if, among other things, they are able to participate in governance, monitor the compliance of others, and punish cheaters. \"When people have trust that others are going to reciprocate, then there can be cooperation,\" she says. \"When there is no trust, there is no\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans \"\u00e9conomie\"","block_context":{"text":"\u00e9conomie","link":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/tag\/economie\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":4855,"url":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/2014\/04\/communs\/","url_meta":{"origin":5514,"position":3},"title":"communs, action communautaire et politique","author":"Gilles Beauchamp","date":"14 avril 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"Un num\u00e9ro sp\u00e9cial de la revue Community Development Journal :\u00a0Commons Sense New thinking about an old idea. Tous les articles de ce suppl\u00e9ment au num\u00e9ro 49.2 de la revue sont d'acc\u00e8s libre (chose rare pour cette revue). [merci Kevin] Plusieurs articles font un lien explicite avec les pratiques d'organisation communautaire,\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans \"Communs\"","block_context":{"text":"Communs","link":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/tag\/communs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Communs","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/Communs-209x300.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":4597,"url":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/2013\/07\/pic-de-tout\/","url_meta":{"origin":5514,"position":4},"title":"le pic de tout","author":"Gilles Beauchamp","date":"25 juillet 2013","format":false,"excerpt":"On a parl\u00e9 depuis longtemps du Peak Oil, le pic du p\u00e9trole, point de la plus haute consommation (ou extraction) au del\u00e0 duquel la consommation diminuera, inexorablement, et les prix augmenteront tout autant. La mise en production r\u00e9cente de plusieurs nouvelles sources d'\u00e9nergies fossiles, notamment par le fractionnement hydraulique (fracking),\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans \"\u00e9conomie\"","block_context":{"text":"\u00e9conomie","link":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/tag\/economie\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/picdetout.jpeg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/picdetout.jpeg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/picdetout.jpeg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/picdetout.jpeg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":5702,"url":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/2017\/03\/gestion-communs\/","url_meta":{"origin":5514,"position":5},"title":"Huit principes de gestion des communs","author":"Gilles Beauchamp","date":"29 mars 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"Il me fallait \u00e9crire un article pour Nous.blogue\u00a0(y sera publi\u00e9 le 5 avril). C'\u00e9tait (d\u00e9j\u00e0 !) mon tour d'y aller d'un couplet\u2026 Et je suis pris (les deux bras jusqu'aux coudes) dans un processus particulier d'accompagnement d'un organisme local, lui-m\u00eame aux prises avec des difficult\u00e9s plut\u00f4t \u00e9loign\u00e9es des d\u00e9bats th\u00e9oriques.\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans \"Communs\"","block_context":{"text":"Communs","link":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/tag\/communs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.puq.ca\/media\/produits\/miniatures\/1844\/280x0_9782760531215.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5514","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5514"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5514\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5514"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5514"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gillesenvrac.ca\/carnet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5514"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}